Footnotes

1

Like gods and spirits, predators were often called by euphemisms to avoid bad luck or visits from said creatures. In some cases the euphemisms have replaced the taboo name in common usage. The Swedish word for wolf, varg (killer, strangler), was originally a euphemism for the taboo ulv; similarly, the euphemism for magpie, skata (the elongated one), has replaced the original skjora. The word for bear shared by all Germanic languages, (in Swedish björn), simply means “brown,” a euphemism so old that it has acquired euphemisms of its own and the original name has been lost (although linguists through comparative studies have constructed a hypothetical root word in Proto-Indo-European).

2

Old Norse form of the word “pyre,” still in use in Norwegian.

3

Finnish: “tyke”

4

The most common witchcraft-related crime was “illegal mingling”: young men consorting with female trolls and vittra.

5

The main Christmas church service in Sweden at the time, held at 4:00 AM on Christmas day.

6

Lagerlöf, Selma: Troll och människor, Albert Bonniers Boktryckeri, Stockholm, 1915, p. 95.

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