The Dead Sea Scrolls Deception

Index

Aaron, priestly line of, 200-1, 204, 205, 207

Acts of the Apostles, xiii-xiv, 43, 132-3, 134,147,175-87;

on James, 188-9, 194

Agrippa, King, xiv

Albright, William F., 13, 23, 71

Albright Institute (American School of Oriental Research), 13, 14, 16, 20, 22, 28, 36, 75, 76, 113

Alexander the Great, 201

Allegro, John M., 21, 29, 30, 37, 39, 45-63, 67, 70, 72, 74, 100, 101-2, 113, 119, 231;

and the ‘Copper Scroll’, 51-6

AMS (Accelerator Mass Spectroscopy)

dating, 81, 83, 86

Ananas (high priest), 193, 194-5, 196, 199

Ancient Library qf Qumran (Cross), 33

animal sacrifices, 170

Antioch, Paul’s journey to, 180-1

Antoninus, Sonof Serverus, 229

archaeological research:

methodology, 103-7

Axel’s Castle (Wilson), 41

167-8; links with Qumran teaching,

Baillet, Father Maurice, 29

baptism, 132

Barnabas, 181

Baumgarten, Joseph, 77, 86

Bechtel Corporation, 36-7

Benoit, Father Pierre, 33, 34, 74, 76, 78, 88, 91, 120

Biblical Archaeology Review (BAR), 34, 38, 72, 73, 87, 88-9, 90, 101, 102, 145, 226

biblical texts, 40, 82

Biran, Professor, 26, 31

Birnbaum, Solomon, 161-2, 163

Black, Matthew, 173,174

Blavatsky, H.P., 167

Brooke Kerith, The, 168

Broshi, Magen, 28, 76-7

Burrows, Millan, 14

Carmignac, Jean, 69

Catholic Church, 108-17;

Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, 120-6;

Modernist Movement, 109-11,112-13

Charles, R.H., 145

Christianity, xvi, xviii, 235-6;

Allegro’s writings on, 61-3;

and the Essenes, 42-7, 65-6, 67,130-7 see also Catholic Church

CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 10, 11, 37

Clement, Bishop of Alexandria, 191

‘Community Rule’, 8, 132, 134, 135, 140-1,146,147,169

Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, 120-6

Copeland, Miles, 10-11

‘Copper Scroll’, 21, 36, 51-6, 119, 138-40

Cross, Frank, 28, 29-30, 33, 38, 39, 49, 52, 72, 100;

Allegro’s letters to, 55, 57, 58;

on the archaeological evidence at Qumran, 160, 161;

palaeographic dating of texts, 115, 116;

on Roman coins at Qumran, 155;

and Strugnell, 95 ‘Crucifixion Before Christ’ (Time Magazine), 47

Crucifixion by an Eye-Witness, The, 167-8

Dajani, Awni, 57-8, 60

‘Damascus Document’, 143,144-9, 150,

179,185, 209 Daniel: concept of resurrection in, 214-15

Danielou, Cardinal Jean, 123, 136, 159

Darwin, Charles, 108

David, Messiah of, 200, 204, 205

Davies, Philip, 43, 76, 77, 79-80, 82, 83, 85, 86, 89, 102;

on palaeographic dating, 162

Dayan, Moshe, 24

Dead Sea Scrolls, The (Allegro), 45, 56

Dead Sea Scrolls and Primitive Christianity, The (Danielou), 123

Dead Sea Scrolls: Qumran in Perspective (Vermes), 64

De Vaux,

see Vaux, Father Roland de Discoveries in thejudaean Desert of Jordan, 27, 36-8, 39, 45, 74, 94

Doors of Perception, The (Huxley), 62

Driver, Godfrey R., 29, 45, 63, 68, 69, 70, 71, 72, 75,152;

on the archaeological evidence at Qumran, 156, 159,160, 161; on the Zealots, 171

Drori, Amir, 78-9, 80, 81, 88, 89, 90, 93

Dupont-Sommer, Andre, 44-5, 46, 51

Eco, Umberto, xix, xviii Ecole Biblique et Archeologique Franqaise de Jerusalem, 9, 16, 22, 27, 28, 29, 33, 84;

and the Catholic Church, 102-3, 111, 112,113,114-15, 116, 125-6;

and the international team, 99-101, 102-3;

and the Pontifical Biblical Commission, 118-19,120, 124

Eisenman, Robert, xix, xvii-xviii, 19, 32, 38, 40, 51, 71, 73, 75-83, 84-5, 99, 102;

archaeological explorations, 226-7, 228, 229;

on the archaeological evidence at Qumran, 154, 155, 156, 158,161, 162;

on the calligraphy in the Dead Sea Scrolls, 163;

on the ‘Damascus Document’, 145, 185;

on the Essenes, 173;

on the ‘Habakkuk Commentary’, 172, 195, 196;

on James, 187, 188,189-90,191-2;

on the ‘Liar’ and the ‘Wicked Priest’, 149;

on the Messiah, 141-2; on Paul, 181, 186, 197, 218, 220, 221;

and the Qumran community, 199-200, 202;

on the rebuilding of Qumran, 154;

on the Saducees, 203; on the Temple Scroll, 143;

on the Zealots, 201, 205, 207, 208-9, 215

Eleazar ben Jair, 206, 212, 213, 214, 216

Epiphanius, 172,173,192

Essenes, xvi; and Masada, 216;

Pliny’s writings on, 19-20,165, 168, 169, 170,173;

and the Qumran community, 40, 67, 68, 69, 70,146, 148,153,165-74,199

Eusebius, Bishop of Caesarea, 190-1,192,193, 229

Ezekiel: concept of resurrection in, 214,215

Fitzmyer, Joseph, 89,119 264

Flinders Petrie, William Matthew, 106

Fogazzaro, Antonio, 110

Frederick II, King of Prussia (the Great), 167

Freedman, David Noel, 86,89

Galatians, Paul’s letter to, 135,180,

183,188-9,197

Gamaliel, 184

Gaster,T.H.,72,89

Georgi, Dieter, 89

Gladstone, William, 230

Gnostic Gospels, see Nag Hammadi Scrolls

Golb, Norman, 33, 86, 89,103,115-17,160

Gospels, the, 43,175,176

Graves, Robert, 168

Greenfield, Jonas, 93, 94

Groningen, University of, 84

‘Habakkuk Commentary’, 146, 149-50, 151,152,172,174, 195,196,197, 219

Hadrian, Emperor, 210

Harding, Gerald Lankester, 15, 16, 17,18, 22, 54-5,106

Hasidaeans, 201

Hegesippus, 191,192

Herod Agrippa II, 220

Herod Antipas, Tetrarch of Galilee, xiv,207

Herod the Great, 153, 154,169,170,203, 205

Herodian, 220

Historical Background of the Dead Sea Scrolls (Roth), 68-9

Hunzinger, Dr Claus-Hunno, 28-9

Hussein, King of Jordan, 60

Huxley, Aldous, 62

Huxley, Thomas, 108

Infallible? (Kiing), 122-3

Irgun (Jewish terrorist organisation), 15

Isaiah, George, 7, 8, 9

Israel: and the Catholic Church, 60-1;

government, 31, 72-5, 87-8, 89-90, 95, 101-2, 234;

Six Day War (1967), 23, 26, 60,102, 233

Italy, unification of, 108

James, Saint (brother of Jesus), xviii, 133,174,177, 178,181,186-7,188-98;

death, 190-1, 192-4, 196;

and Paul, 182, 183, 188, 189,194,197-8, 217, 218-19

James the Just in the Habakkuk Pesher (Eisenman), 75

Jerusalem: Temple of, 142, 149-50, 193, 202

Jesus Christ: Allegro’s writings on, 61;

in the desert, 202; and the Essenes, 167-8;

in the Gospels, 175, 177;

as historical individual, xii-xiii, xiv-xvi; and James, 188;

and Paul, 181-2, 183;

and the Qumran texts, 56, 130, 131, 133, 134, 135-7;

and Qumran’s ‘Teacher of Righteousness’, 44, 140-1;

Renan’s Life of Jesus, 107-8;

and the Zealots, 211-12

Jesus: An Experiment in Christology (Schillebeeckx), 122

John (Apostle), 133

John Paul II, Pope, 122,123

John the Baptist, xv, 132, 202, 207, 211

John XXIII, Pope, 60-1, 122

Jonathan Maccabaeus, 151

Josephus, Flavius, 67, 69, 142, 150,154, 155, 178;

on the Essenes, 165, 166-7, 168, 169, 170, 171, 173;

on James, 190,193-4,195,1%;

on the mass suicide at Masada, 213, 214;

on the Zealots, 204, 205, 206, 208, 209

Judaean Scrolls, The (Driver), 70, 71

Judas Iscariot, xv, 206

Judas Maccabaeus, 201-2

Judas of Galilee, 205, 206, 207, 212

Kando (Khalil Iskander Shahin), 7, 8, 17-18, 26

Kapera, Z.J.,85, 89

‘Keepers of the Covenant’, 172, 173-4

Kesey, Ken, 62

Khirbet Qumran, see Qumran

King, Philip, 89

Kingsford, Anna, 167

Koenen, Ludwig, 86

Koldeway, Robert, 107

Kiing, Hans, 122-4

Lagrange, Father Albert, 111-13, 118

Last Supper, timing of, 135-6

Leary, Timothy, 62

Leo XIII, Pope, 110, HI, 112, H8

‘Liar, the’, 149, 146-7, 195-6, 219

Life of Jesus, The (Renan), 107-8, 167

Lippens, Captain Philippe, 16

Loisy, Alfred, 109-10, 112

Lozajose, 119

Lucceius Albinus, 190

Luke’s Gospel, 66,176-7

Mogilany Resolution, 85-6, 90

Moore, George, 168

Moses, 120,145

Muhammad adh-Dhib (Muhammad the

Murphy-O’Connor, Jerome, 1W

Nabokov, Vladimir, xvii, 41

Nag Hammadi Scrolls, 32, 35-6, 37, 86, 129-30

Name of the Rose, The (Eco), xviii, 32

Nazoreans (Nazarenes), 174, 217

Ne’eman,Yuval,73,74-5,76

Neusner, Jacob, 89

New Testament, 43;

on James, 188-V

New York Times: ‘The Vanity of Scholars’, 85

Nietzsche, F., 108

North, Robert, 32, 153

’Notes in the Margin’ (Sturgill), 51

Maccabeans, 201-3

Maccabees, Zadokites, Christians and

Qumran (Eisenman), xvii, 75

Mark’s Gospel, 175

Martyr, Justin, 65-6

Masada, fortress of, xvi, 69, 132,193,199, 208;

mass suicide at, 206, 212-14, 216

Mattathias Maccabaeus, 201, 204

Mayhew, Christopher, 62

Menahem, 205-6, 212

Messiah figure, 133,141-2,147;

Of Aaron and of David, 200, 204, 205

Metternich, Prince, 109

Milik, Father Josef, 29, 32, 34, 35, 38, 48, 49, 58, 85, 88, 91;

and the ‘Copper Scroll’, 53, 54, 55-6;

on the archaeological evidence at Qumran, 154-5;

controls and withholds Qumran material, 66, 86-7, 99-100, 116,117

Ministry: A Case for Change

(Schillebeeckx), 122

MMT document, 77, 78, 91

Old Testament, 112,113-14

Origen, 193, 229

Origin of Species, The (Darwin), 108

Orlinsky, Harry, 24

Oversight Committee, 89-90, 91, 92, 93-4, 95, 225, 226

palaeography, dating by, 160-4

Palestine Archaeological Museum, see

Rockefeller Museum Palestine Exploration Fund, 106

Paul, Saint, xiii-xiv, xviii, 134-5, 176, 177,178-87,199, 218-21;

as ‘the Liar’, 195; conversion of, 147-8,179-80;

and James, 182,183,188,189,194,197-8, 217, 218-19;

and Jesus, 212

Paul VI, Pope, 121

Peter, Saint, 133,181,182,185

Philo Judaeus: on the Essenes, 165,168,169,170,171,173

Phineas, Covenant of, 202-3

Pius IX, Pope, 109

PiusX, Pope, 110,120

Pius XII, Pope, 114

Pliny, 19-20, 67,165,168,169,170,173

Pontifical Biblical Commission, 113, 118-19, 120, 121, 124, 126

Pryce-Jones, David, 26, 28

Puech, Father Emile, 33, 65, 66, 100

Pynchon, Thomas, xvii

Qumran: archaeological evidence at, 152-64;

coins found at, 155-9, 210;

destruction of, 153-5;

and the Essenes, 168-74;

and Masada, 216;

ruins of, 4-5;

teachings, and Christianity, 65-6, 67, 130-7

Ratzinger, Joseph, 120, 121-2, 124-5

‘Recognitions of Clement’, 189-90

Reed, William, 20, 21

Renan, Ernest, 107-8, 167

resurrection, Zealot concept of, 214-16

Revue biblique, 27, 100, 112, 113

Revue de Qumran, 84, 100

’Righteous One’, 177-8

Robinson, James, M., 32, 35, 36, 86

Rockefeller Museum (Palestine

Archaeological Museum), 7, 18, 22-3, 25, 28, 31-2, 34, 36, 60, 101, 102;

Scrollery, 22, 30, 32, 45,46, 57, 60, 71

Roth, Cecil, 68-70, 71, 72, 75, 171;

on the archaeological evidence at Qumran, 155, 156, 161, 163-4

Saad, Joseph, 18-19

Sacred Mushroom and the Cross (Allegro), 61, 62-3

Sadducees, 193, 203-4 Saint, The (Fogazzaro), 110

sainthood, concept of, 134

Salammbd (Flaubert), 104, 107

Samuel, Athanasius Yeshua (Metropolitan Samuel), 7-8, 9, 11, 12,13, 14, 17, 23, 24

Sanders, James A., 36

Saul of Tarsus, see Paul Schechter, Solomon, 145

Schillebeeckx, Father Edward, 122

Schliemann, Heinrich, 104-6, 107

Schopenhauer, A., 108

Schure, Edouard, 167

Scientific American, 95

Scrolls from the Dead Sea (Wilson), 42

sectarian texts, 40, 82-3

Sermon on the Mount, 65, 133-4, 135

Severus, Julius, 210

Shanks, Hershel, 38, 78, 87

Shapira, Moses William, 229-31

Sharon, Ariel, 24

Sicarii, 167,184,185,199,200,204,208

Simeon bar Kochba, 19, 70, 142, 158,208, 209-10, 217, 234

Simon Maccabaeus, 151

Simon Zealotes (Simon the Zealot), xv, 206

SIR (Subsurface Interface Radar), 228-9, 234

Skehan, Father Patrick, 28, 33, 49, 100, 113-15, 116-17

Smith, Morton, 38, 72-3, 74, 89

Solomon, 200

Spencer, Herbert, 108

‘Star’ prophecy, 141-2, 208-9

Starcky, Father Jean, 28, 30, 33, 34, 49,58, 65, 100, 117

Stephen, Saint, 111, 147,177-9,184,190

Stern Gang (Jewish terrorist organisation), 15

stratigraphy, 106

Strugnell, John, 29, 32, 33-5, 38, 39, 46,47, 48, 49, 52, 58, 72, 116, 145;

Allegro’s letters to, 46, 50-1;

Denies outside access to Qumran material, 77, 78, 79-80, 81-2;

and Judaism, 95-6;

television interview, 88-9

Suez crisis (1956), 22, 35

Sukenik, Eleazar, 11-13, 24, 31, 168

Sussman, Ayala, 89, 90-1, 93-4

Syrian Jacobite Church, 7, 9

Talmon, Shemaryahu, 34, 44, 91, 92-3, 94

’Teacher of Righteousness’, 44, 131,

’Teacher of Righteousness’ (Cont.) 132,133,140-1,145,149,151,178, 197-8;

James as, 191, 192, 195, 196

Teachings ofDonJuan, The (Castaneda), 62

Temple Scroll’, 26, 142-4, 150, 170, 226, 233

Timotheus, Patriarch of Seleucia, 229

To the Finland Station (Wilson), 41

Tov, Emmanuel, 95

Troy, excavation of, 104-5

Ulrich, Eugene, 33,116

underground scroll trade, 232-4

VanderKamm, James, 87

Vaux, Father Roland de, 15-16, 18, 19, 20, 21, 29, 30, 31, 33, 70-1;

and Allegro, 47, 48, 49, 51, 56, 57, 58, 60;

and the ‘Copper Scroll’, 52, 53, 54, 55;

and the archaeological evidence at Qumran, 152-60, 161;

claims Qumran community are Essenes, 146,168-9; interviewed by Pryce-

Jones, 26, 27-8;

and the Pontifical

Biblical Commission, 119

Vermes, Geza, 63, 64-5, 67, 68, 75, 89, 171

Vesco, Father Jean-Luc, 119, 120,126 Vespasian, 192-3

Wall Street Journal: scrolls advertised in, 1, 2, 23-4

‘War Scroll’, 28-9,134, 141-2, 150, 217

‘Wicked Priest’, 149-50, 151, 157, 1%

Wilson, Sir Charles, 106

Wilson, Edmund, 7-8, 41-4, 48-9, 51, 56, 63-4, 67,101

Wolfe, Tom, 62 Wright-Baker, H., 52

Yadin, Yigael, 12, 23-4, 25, 26, 31, 64-5,142, 233

Zealots, xv, xvi, 167,194,199, 200, 204-7, 208, 211-17, 219-20;

and the Qumran community, 69, 70, 171